An autoclave is a critical piece of equipment in pharmaceutical manufacturing and microbiology laboratories that achieves sterilization through moist heat under controlled pressure. The principle underlying autoclave sterilization—moist heat sterilization—works by generating saturated steam at temperatures of 121–134°C and pressures…
A stability chamber is a specialized environmental control instrument used to simulate real-world storage conditions and evaluate the quality, safety, and shelf life of pharmaceutical products over time. Regulatory agencies such as the US FDA, EMA, and WHO require stability studies in qualified chambers before granting…
ALCOA stands for Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, and Accurate—the five fundamental data integrity principles established by the FDA in the 1990s to ensure pharmaceutical data quality and regulatory compliance. These principles form the cornerstone of Good Documentation Practices (GDP) and…
Unveiling the Science Behind Gas Chromatography: Principle, Instrumentation, and Operational Mechanics Gas Chromatography is a powerful modern-day analytical technique that is used in several chemical and pharmaceutical industries. It is used to separate and identify the components in a mixture…
Principle of Dissolution Test Apparatus Dissolution is the analysis process in which the analyzed substance forms a solution. In this testing measurement of the content and rate of dissolving in the solution from a dosage form, such as a tablet,…
 Imagine releasing a batch of life-saving drugs and you do not want to take any chance with the quality of the product. In pharmaceuticals, method validation isn’t just a checkbox but it’s the shield protecting patients and your company’s…
SOP, Calibration, and features of UV-visible spectrophotometer UV-Visible Spectrophotometry is an analytical technique that is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances. It works by measuring the intensity of light passing through the prepared…
In electrochemical processes, an electrode plays a crucial role by enabling the transfer of electrons between the solution under investigation and the external circuit. This electron transfer makes it possible to detect and analyze electrochemical reactions, which have numerous applications…
In the quality control department Instrument section is an essential part because every test requires a specific instrument to perform a valid analysis. Karl Fischer titration is very essential in many analyses including finding the water content in any substance.…
Importance of Batch Record Review in manufacturing of drugs Batch record review is an important process in a pharma manufacturing company to maintain the quality of products. It is a periodical process that should be performed within a fixed time…