ALCOA vs ALCOA+ vs ALCOA++: Which Regulator Says What

ALCOA, ALCOA+ and ALCOA++ data integrity attributes compared across FDA, MHRA, WHO, PIC/S and EMA guidance

The short answer ALCOA is five data-integrity attributes — Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, Accurate. ALCOA+ adds four more (Complete, Consistent, Enduring, Available) for nine. ALCOA++ adds a tenth, Traceable, and is the form the European Medicines Agency uses for clinical-trial…